Transitions to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation

Transitions to democracy have been explained in various ways. Modernization for instance, is one theoretical approach to explain why countries democratize. Additionally, social and cultural factors have also explained democratization, as well as, international factors. It becomes deductive to attribute democratization to any one single theory as modernization works with social and cultural factors that are also impacted by international factors. It appears as if they all contribute in one way or another. Wezel and Inglehart (2008) examine the effects of crucial social and cultural elements like self-expression that work with modernization in tandem to aid in democratization. Ross (2001) further illustrates this claim in his finding that†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, instead of that wealth creating conditions that promote democracy, they lack the social and cultural conditions. Thus the government uses oil money for quelling the need for self-expression. Ross (2001) illu strates Inglehart’s argument that modernization’s effects on economic development can bring higher education levels and occupational specialization that aid in democratization. However, if economic development does not produce the cultural and social changes mentioned by Ingelhart, it will not result in democratization (Ross 2001). This is an interesting caveat to the claim of modernization assisting democratization. It appears that economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient cause for democratization. It seems as if there also needs to be an element of social and cultural change as well to create values consistent with democratization. Therefore oil wealth alone does not satisfy the social and cultural conditions that facilitate democratization. Contrary to the notion that economics alone benefit democratization, Ross’ (2001) results suggest that the antidemocratic properties of oil and mineral wealth are substantial. Furthermore, his finding indicate that oil harms democracy more in oil-poor countries than in oil-rich ones and oil and mineral wealth cause greater damage to democracy in poor countries than in rich ones. Additionally, all of the variables measuring occupational specialization are highlyShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Technology On Development Of Society1723 Words   |  7 Pageslarge customization of goods and services. Secondly, economic argument defines economic investment from education, media, information equipment and services and other activities (for example, RD). Third, according to occupational perspective, the transition to new forms of employment can be determined. This significantly reduces the costs of all the participants (office space, transport costs, reduced production infrastructure), the employee can use the time slots more efficiently when his/her bodyRead MoreCompetitive Authoritarianism And Political Authoritarianism869 Words   |  4 Pages1. competitive authoritarianism competitive authoritarianism Levitsky and Way describe, a competitive authoritarianism is, in essence, a democracy but it lacks proportional representation and most of the elections and government institutions are predisposed to only the elites. Juan Linz describes this as a diminished form of authoritarianism. In competitive authoritarianism regimes, elections are normally rigged, power figures regularly misuse state resources while oppressed are denied simple libertiesRead MoreDemocracy in the 20th Centuries Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesIs democracy possible? Modern democracies have continually developed throughout the 20th century. These democracies have culminated from revolutions,wars, and even economic development. As democracies continue to grow democracy promotion has been a key issue for world governments, especially the United State of America. History has shown that building democracy is a very strenuous and a difficult task to accomplish. With the inception of government, democracy has been a seemingly difficult conceptRead MoreLinz and Stepan Consolidated Democracy Study Guide and Notes906 Words   |  4 PagesTowards Consolidated Democracies Linz and Stepan * Three conditions before speaking about democratic consolidation * First†¦no state=no democracy * Second†¦.democracy cannot be thought of as consolidated until a democratic transition has been brought to completion * Necessary but by no means sufficient condition for the completion of a democratic transition is the holding of free and contested elections (on the basis of broadly inclusive voter eligibility) that meetRead MoreEssay On Advocacy Groups870 Words   |  4 Pagesto the process of democratic consolidation by restraining the exercise of state power, extending and protecting civil liberties and political rights, promoting political participation, broadening and democratising public policy-making, ensuring public accountability and providing spaces for democratic deliberation, interest aggregation, interest articulation and representation among other functions. After more than two decades of democratisation in both countries, the democratic spaces and platformsRead MoreThe Study Of Democratization Has Been A Key Cornerstone1558 Words   |  7 Pagesthe last several decades. Yet, the key mechanisms that lead countries to transition from autocracies to democracies are subject of debate that is ongoing. Building from Lipset corner stone article â€Å"Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy†, scholars have focused on the influence of modernization theory, specifically economic development, on the process of regime transition and consolidation. Modernization theory has been a driving force within the field, spawningRead MoreIn General Terms, Democracy Is Characterized As A Government1504 Words   |  7 PagesIn general terms, democracy is characterized as a government in which citizens have the capabilities to exercise political autonomy to influence the affairs of the state. To be more precise, citizens are able to exercise direct control over the government—as in the case of pure democracies—or they are able to exercise indirect control—as in the case of representative democracies. Of course this general characterization is an oversimplification of what a democracy is and precisely how it fu nctionsRead MoreThe Core Assumptions Of The Transitional Paradigm1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe â€Å"transition paradigm† was considered to be a trend in seven different regions barring North America and Oceania that changed the political landscape of the world. It was an instantaneous shift from authoritarian or totalitarian regime toward more liberal and democratic form of governance. Consequentially, there was a global democratic trend in the last quarter of the twentieth century, and courtesy of American political scientist, Samuel Huntington, this trend was widely recognized as the â€Å"thirdRead MoreTheories of Libralism and Realism1055 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestment markets to operate internationally in the trade and investment markets. Liberalism encompasses a worldview founded on the belief that equality among the international sphere is necessary. Liberalism encompasses a belief in international democracy, institutions and cooperation. This theory suggests that cooperation is perhaps the most important element in globalization. The theories allow for the main actor to be either state or non-state actors, but as far as state actors, they have the choiceRead MoreConstructing a Democracy 1708 Words   |  7 Pagesconstruction of a democracy requires vision, ambition and decisiveness because democrats must not only construct the constitution of liberty for their homelands but also build a democracy that delivers a competent state, respectful of its citizens. Democratic designers must construct a regime that rests on a workable balance between the hopes and constraints of their societies and a constitution and institutions that would render the state not just democratic but also effective. Democratic designers should

Women in Sons and Lovers - 1597 Words

Sons and Lovers, published in 1913, is D. H. Lawrences third novel. It was his first successful novel and arguably his most popular. Many of the details of the novels plot are based on Lawrences own life and, unlike his subsequent novels, this one is relatively straightforward in its descriptions and action. D. H. Lawrence has been always criticized for the content of his novel and his characters. Sons and Lovers is another novel which was even banned for years because of its explicit indications to sexual intercourse and the complex and complicated relationship of mother and sons. Society has a certain code fixed for a mother but Lawrence attempted to portray the mother figure in a quite different way. In fact, Lawrence puts question†¦show more content†¦Morel’s tools to make her dream and ambition come true. But all these just paint deep tragic color to Mrs. Morel. Because Mrs. Morel chose the rood to setting up a union with her son to become hermaphrodite didn’t come true. She put her children in her bosom, cast her own dream and life outlook on her children, hoped to fill in her emotion empty because she is a wife-submissive. Although this abnormal maternal lieu helped her sons become outstanding, hold back free growth of individuality, cause their thought vari ant and their personality split. Mrs. Morel’s existence is the only support to Paul’s life road to become an artist. Through loving his mother, Paul tried to find man’s rights even in sleep. She should be responsible for this abnormal love, no matter what position she held in her sons’ growth, she got only the colored utilizable repay, she didn’t fulfill her emotion’s need, and this is her very most tragic thing. But this is just a simple summary of the whole novel and there are more left for discussion. D. H. Lawrence believed in male supremacy and that is why he wrote that â€Å"as a matter of fact unless a woman is held by man, safe within the bounds of belief, she becomes inevitably a destructive force†. Simone de Beauvoir terms this attitude â€Å"bourgeois conception† and states that Lawrence rediscovers this conception that woman should subordinate her existence to that of man. Thus, Lawrence can be regarded as an anti-feminist. An anti-feministShow MoreRelatedLysistrat Women s Rights942 Words   |  4 Pagesthat divulge many facts about the everyday life of Athenian women, I will compare how the reality of women’s lives is depicted. Such as the wife of Euphiletus having a mistress, Lysistrata was so brave towards men, nor Neaera whom was a slave. In the play of Lysistrata we see how women are depicted sexual. Also on how women were supposed to always be at home while their husbands were away at war. Women duties were to be at home with their son and taking care of the household needs. Lysistrata notesRead MoreAnalysis Of D H Lawrence s The White Peacock 1456 Words   |  6 Pageswhom he used to love and respect from the bottom of his heart. he also wrote short stories, essay travel books and criticism, yet he is most remembered for his great novels The White Peacock (1911), The Trespasser (1912) , and Sons and Lovers (1913). Sons and Lovers was Lawrence’s masterpiece which raised him to the level of eminent men of letters of England. It was written chiefly in an autobiographical style with his favourite setting of meaning area. In this novel, Lawrence made a fine blendingRead MoreSons And Lovers : Mrs.Morels Inflence1237 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿D.H. Lawrence s novel Sons and Lovers explores the significant family and companionate relationships of early adulthood. Unfortunately, and possibly unbeknownst to Lawrence himself, the relationships in the novel are often abusive, triangulated, and otherwise inappropriate. Many of these distorted connections may stem from the unconscious and cyclical perceptions of love by the characters. In D.H. Lawrence s novel, Sons and Lovers, each character s view of love is shaped by observing his parentsRead MoreSons And Lovers : Psychoanalytic Criticism Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesSons and Lovers: Psychoanalytic Criticism David Herbert Lawrence was born September 11, 1885 in a small coal mining village in Nottingham, England. He was the fourth child of Arthur and Lydia Lawrence. Arthur was a coal miner who worked in the mine from age ten until he was sixty-six. Lydia the more educated out of the two was born into a lower-middle class family; this changed when her father suffered a financial disaster. She passed down to her sons the profound desire to move out of the workingRead MoreLove and Marriage in Renaissance Literature Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance Literature In medieval Europe, the troubadours (poets of the southern part of France), like Guilhem IX, or Cercamon, first began to write poems about humble men falling in love with women who were admirer and adored by their lovers. Furthermore, intense love between men and women became a central subject in European literature, like between Tristan and Iseult, Lancelot and Guinevere, or Aeneas and Dido. But it was not question of marriage. Actually, marriage and loveRead MoreEmily Bronte and D.H Lawrences Exploration of Social Class1288 Words   |  6 Pages‘Wuthering Heights’ and also my partner text , ‘Sons and Lovers’ because it helps the reader determine a sense of character and plays a massive part in the reader finding the true depth of a character. Social class in both novels is determined by location and the origin of the characters, as in ‘Wuthering Heights’ we see that Heathcliff is considered as abnormal and known as having a lower social class because of the uncertainty of his origin. Also in ‘Sons and Lovers’ we see the battle and life between aRead MoreSons And Lovers By D. H. Lawrence901 Words   |  4 Pages Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence is based on the life of a boy named Paul Morel, who is going through life fighting a battle between his mind and heart. Lawrence wrote Sons and Lovers during the late 1800s and early 1900s. During that time, the book was not like other books. It was explicit about topics such as sex and love. His books were ahead of time, and he was quite influenced by Sigmund Freud. I believe that Freud really influenced lawrence’s writing during Chapters 6 and 7 when PaulRead More`` Savages `` By Oliver Stone976 Words   |  4 PagesIn the modern world, gender doesn’t play such a big role anymore. Women work like men, men do things that are traditionally attributed to women. And yet, some things stay the same. I would like to review Oliver Stone s film Savages†, as an example of gender message. The main characters are two men and a woman - they live as a family. The author, in my opinion, is trying to revise the stereotype that a polyamo rous relationship is exclusively a men s prerogative. Another message in the film is aboutRead MorePsychoanalytic Criticism Of Sons And Lovers1597 Words   |  7 Pagesa financial disaster. She passed down to her sons the profound desire to move out of the working class by expressing her dissatisfaction with her husband’s dead job combined and his drinking habits. Sons and Lovers is an eye opening semibiographical novel written by D.H Lawrence, an English writer from the United Kingdom. The novel was D.H Lawrence’s third book published in 1913 by Gerald Duckworth and Company in London, England. Sons and Lovers is about a young boy named Paul (based off ofRead MoreLove and Marriage in Renaissance Literature1228 Words   |  5 PagesIn medieval Europe, the troubadours (poets of the southern part of France), like Guilhem IX, or Cercamon, first began to write poems about humble men falling in love with women who were admirer and adored by their lovers. Furthermore, intense love between men and women became a central subject in European literature, like between Tristan and Iseult, Lancelot and Guinevere, or Aeneas and Dido. But it was not question of marriage. Actually, marriage and love did not match very well together but then

Literature Review of Product Branding in a Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review of Product Branding in a Company. Answer: Introduction Branding today is more complicated, yet much more imperative in this era of marketing. It is a purchaser's perception when they think or hears about an organization's name, its goods or services. Branding develops with the conduct of buyers. Therefore, it is a moving target for corporations. It creates a mental image of what an organization means to customers. It is impacted by the words, components, and innovativeness that encompass it (Strebinger, 2014, p. 88). Branding is characterized as a name, symbol, trademark, design or a mix of these elements that distinguish products of a corporation. The brand is determined by the components that separated the products of one company from those of its competitors. It has made the company and product branding an essential innovation for businesses globally. This paper conducts a literature review on branding showing its importance and how it should be performed. Main body A companys brand details the strategy on how, what, where, when, and to which target market the brand is designed to offer or deliver service. Brand equity is a basic part under which every company must consider and plan for in order to enhance brand success and sustainability in the market. Customer loyalty to a company is created by the quality of the brand offered to the given market. In increasingly competitive markets, an effective brand strategy by a company significantly increases its competitive advantage over the rivaling firms in that given industry. The increased nature of competitive market environment requires every company to create and innovate unique ideas that relate to new brands or are aimed at increasing the brand essence to the targeted market. Innovation is key to brand success, and the nature of brand maintains customers promise to enhance their loyalty to a given company. Proctor Gamble is a well-known company that has succeeded due to its great abilities to enhance its product branding. To prevail with regards to branding, a company should comprehend the requirements and needs of its clients and prospects. It is accomplished by coordinating an organization's branding techniques Management, and it's public relations and contact. Branding ought to be a statement of who the organization is and what it offers. As purchasers relate to a corporation, its image will live inside the minds and hearts of consumers and create an impression to prospects. Therefore, branding is the entirety of their encounters and observations, some of which a brand can impact, and some that it cannot (Christensen, 2008, p. 29). Branding isn't just about acquiring the target market and influencing it to choose an organization's product over the opposition. However, it is about getting its prospects to consider it to be the only supplier of a product for their needs. Branding intends to convey the message clearly. It candidly interfaces target prospects with a corporation's goods and services. It affirms a partnership's validity, inspires the purchaser to buy and builds consumer loyalty (Punyatoya, 2014, p. 114). The increased consistency in product branding enhances brand equity which forms the most corporate aspect of each and every company. Christensen, (2008, p. 30) defines a companys brand as its self-establishing journey towards the business success and self-discovery of its potential. Speaking to a companys customers by its employees requires consistency is the tone of voice used in marketing the newly invented product brands. The use of modern technology has contributed greatly to brand excellence in the business world. Most companies invest a lot of funds in building technology that creates a promising environment under which branding thrives. Coupled with new ideas, a product brand designed by a company can get advanced in a manner that attracts and suits most people in the targeted market (LePla and Parker, 2012, p. 21). Maintaining the quality of brand in a consistent rate enables a company exploit the identified market opportunities fully and reap the maximum profits possible. Though branding can be complex and confusing, technology and innovation allow a company to understand whether their brand is strong to provide the firm with internal and external value for its marketing goals. It is on this basis that most organization turn to branding agencies that specialize in branding products to create a lasting impression on consumers and also distinguish a corporations product from that of competitors. These branding organizations follow a guideline that enables them to create a dominating brand. They seek to ensure that a product brand relates to the target market and that the group for which the product is intended get the message without having to think about it. The brands message shares the exceptionality of the company and the product it offers and why it is crucial. Additionally, Branding reflects on its promise to the target market by making them an internal audience. It represents the companys value delivery to the consumer (LePla, and Parker, 2012, p . 23). A company should ensure that its brand fulfills these guidelines. Otherwise, it has to refine its name to fit them. Branding can be accomplished through promotion and public communications, creating an in-store encounter, product innovation, and package designing. It is also attained by creating a visual character of the brand, using sponsors and partnerships, as well as, through pricing (Ries, and Ries, 2009, p. 4). A brand is a foundational element in an organization's marketing correspondence and one it cannot afford to overlook. Marketing is tactical while branding is strategic Management. It is what a company uses to get its image in front of its target market. It is also the reason it conveys a lot of significance within an enterprise. It fills in as a manual for understanding the purpose for business targets. It empowers the firm to adjust its marketing plan with those goals and satisfy the general technique (LePla and Parker, 2012, p. 28). The viability of brand doesn't merely occur prior to the purchase, but at the same time, it's about the sustainability of the name and the experience it offers a buyer. A strong brand is priceless as the struggle for a more substantial market share strengthens. It's critical to invest resources into investigating, characterizing, and creating a brand. A brand is the source of a guarantee to buyers. Besides, a brand creates loyalty within consumers, as w ell as it builds loyal employees (Christensen, 2008, p. 30). It gives them a commitment. It ensures that they comprehend the motivation behind the business. A product brand is built on its image, quality, tools, and elements as demanded by the customers in the market. One of the most confusing aspects of branding is differentiating it from marketing. Marketing contributes to a brand, yet branding is higher than a specific promotion exertion. The brand remains even after promotion. It's what sticks in the purchaser's psyche related to an item, service, or a company whether or not, at that specific moment, they purchased it or not. The brand decides whether one will end up being a loyal client or not. Marketing may persuade a consumer to buy a specific item, yet the brand will determine whether a customer will buy that product for life. The image is created from numerous elements. Notable among these things is the lived encounter of the brand (Sandbacka, Ntti, and Thtinen, 2013, p. 172). It conveys on its image guarantee of consistent quality, maintains the quality norms that made them what they are and assures that the sales individual understand what he/she is selling. Customers are interested in buying from companies whose product quality is main tained, and consider thjis as the essence for branding. Secondly, marketing uncovers and actuates purchasers. Branding builds clients who are loyal. It works on a similar path for a wide range of organizations. All enterprises must sell including those not-for-profits. How they offer may contrast, and everybody in an association is, with their activities, either developing or deconstructing the brand. Every advertising plan has the impact of either motivating or inhibiting brand devotion in whoever is presented to it (Strebinger, 2014, p. 1801). The majority of this influences sales. Inadequately investigated and executed advertising exercises can unquestionably be a cost focus, yet professional promotion is a venture that pays for itself in sales volumes and brand support. At first glance, branding also has cost focus whose the outcome is consumer loyalty. Besides, sales representatives have a less demanding task and are productive, there is low employee turnover, and buyers progress toward becoming diplomats and supporters for the compa ny and the product (Punyatoya, 2014, p. 116). Conclusion Branding is as essential to the survival and success of the business as having financial intelligibility, having a progressive and futuristic vision, or expert employees. It is the essential establishment for an efficient operation. Its a cost focus, similar to professional workers, budgetary specialists, and business or hierarchical pioneers. Though these are cost centers, what is genuinely exorbitant isn't to have them, but having substandard ones. Branding should underlie and precede any promotion exertion. Branding is a pulling force and not a push. It is a statement of the fundamental value of a company, its goods, and services. It is a correspondence of qualities, attributes, and value that define what the brand is and what it is not. It is a defining and differentiation element. Bibliography Christensen, J.H., 2008. Company branding and company storytelling. Senders and Receivers. New Perspectives on Market Communication, Samfundslitteratur, Frederiksberg, pp.25-58. LePla, F.J. and Parker, L.M., 2012. Integrated branding: Becoming brand-driven through company-wide action. Kogan Page Publishers. Punyatoya, P., 2014. Evaluation of branding strategies for global versus local brand: the role of concept consistency. International Journal of Business Excellence, 7(1), pp.112-128. Ries, A. and Ries, L., 2009. The 22 immutable laws of branding: How to build a product or service into a world-class brand. Harper Collins. Sandbacka, J., Ntti, S. and Thtinen, J., 2013. Branding activities of a micro industrial services company. Journal of Services Marketing, 27(2), pp.166-177. Strebinger, A., 2014. Rethinking brand architecture: a study on industry, company-and product-level drivers of branding strategy. European Journal of Marketing, 48(9/10), pp.1782-1804.